Refractory
A refractory material is one that retains its strength at high temperatures. ASTM C71
defines refractories as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical
properties that made them applicable for structures, or as components of systems,
that are exposed to environments above 1000 °F (800K, 500 °C)".
Bitumen
Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky,
entirely soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of highly condensed
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
It is principally obtained as a residual product in petroleum refineries after higher
tractions like gas, petrol, kerosene and diesel, etc., are removed generally by
distillation from suitable crude oil. Indian standard institutions define Bitumen as a
black or dark brown non-crystalline soil or viscous material having adhesive properties
derived from petroleum crude either by natural or by refinery processes.
Marble
A massive, compact limestone; a variety of calcite, capable of being polished and used
for architectural and ornamental purposes. The color varies from white to black, being
sometimes yellow, red, and green, and frequently beautifully veined or clouded. The
name is also given to other rocks of like use and appearance, as serpentine or verd
antique marble, and less properly to polished porphyry, granite, etc.
Granite
Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock.
Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally with some individual crystals
larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as porphyry. Granites can be pink to
dark gray or even black, depending on their chemistry and mineralogy or A common,
coarse-grained, light-colored, hard igneous rock consisting chiefly of quartz,
orthoclase or microcline, and mica, used in monuments and for building.
Design mix
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required,
strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the
concrete mix design.
